Unit 8 语法篇 __________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________ 学生通过本讲学习，能够掌握本单元的重点语法，并在综合能力上有一定的拓展。
名词 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类 （1）、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。
如Beijing, Tom, the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如the Great Wall长城 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人复数含义,如the Greens 格林一家人。
（2）、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如pupil, family, man, foot.普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。
▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如 box, child, orange；
▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如water, news, oil, population, ination . 2、英语可数名词的单复数英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。
1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下 ①在单数名词词尾加s。如map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches. [注]少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如photo→photos, piano→pianos. 有生命加-es, 没生命加-s ③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如family→families, city→cities, party→parties. ④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives. 妻子持刀去宰狼，小偷吓得发了慌，躲在架下保己命，半片树叶遮目光。
2、不规则变化man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child→children, ox→oxen, goose→geese 不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。
如a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk. 3、名词所有格 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法如下 1表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加’s。如Childern’s Day儿童节, my sister’s book我姐姐的书 2以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加’。如Teachers’ Day教师节 3有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加’s. 如 today’s newspaper今天的报纸, ten minutes’ break十分钟的课间休息, China’s population中国的人口. 4无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。如 a fine daughter of the Party党的好女儿. 2、[注解] ① ‘s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如my aunt’s我阿姨家, the doctor’s诊所 ② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B’s 的形式,如Lucy and Lily’s bedroom露西和丽丽合住的卧室 ③ “of名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如a friend of my father’s我父亲的一位朋友, a friend of mine我的一位朋友 4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题 1、谓语和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词用单数形式如The computer was a great invention.计算机是个了不起的发明The water in the glass is very cold.玻璃杯里的水很冷 2、集体名词如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等做句子主语时, ① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如Class Three is a very good class.三班是好班 ② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如Class Three have a map of China.三 班有张中国地图 3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复数。如There is a sheep in the yard.院子里有只绵羊 / There are some sheep in the yard.院子里有一些绵羊 4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数The news is very exciting. 这个消息令人兴奋 5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如 The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.裤子很便宜,我想买 6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。如A lot of students are playing baseball now.现在有许多学生在打垒球 A lot of time was wasted on that work.大量的时间花在了那个工作上被动句 7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,谓语则用单数。如The teacher and his son are picking apples now.老师和他的儿子在摘苹果 / Fish and chips is very famous food. 鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品 8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如There is a table and four chairs in the room.房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子 9、用bothand连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如Both you and I are required to be here tomorrow.你和我明天要求都来 10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如A woman with a 7-year-old child was standing at the side of the road. 一名妇女带着一个七岁的孩子当时就站在路边 11、eitheror或者 neithernor连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如Either you or he is right.要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的 / Neither you nor I am going there.你和我都不打算去那里 12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如Two months is not a short time.两个月不是个短时间Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance距离.两千千米是相当长的一段距离 13、主语中含有half of / three quartersof / all of the .等词语时,谓语的单复数由名词确定,如Over three quarters of the ination on the Internet is in English.因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的 / A third of the students were playing near the lake.学生的三分之一当时正在湖边玩耍 / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.这些河流中的水已经被污染了被动句 但是,population一词又有特殊情况 What’s the population of China中国人口是多少句子用单数 / Three quarters of the population in this city are Arabs阿拉伯人.这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人句子用复数 一、单项选择（共5小题；
共5.0分） 1. People in America eat much . A. coffee B. onions C. beef D. iced water 2. --- How many there in the box --- There is only one. A. sandwich is B. sandwiches are C. sandwich are D. sandwichs are 3. Give me onion and a tomato, and I need them to make my sandwich. A. a B. the C. an D. / 4. --- What did you have for breakfast --- I had . A. three bread B. three pieces of bread C. three pieces bread D. three pieces of breads 5. cheese do you need A. How many B. How much C. How D. How long 二、按要求转换句型（共3小题；
共6.0分） 6. The watermelon is 15 yuan. 就划线部分提问 is the watermelon 7. There