现代物流管理教学课件chap008.pptx

CHAPTER8 Transportation TransportfunctionalityandparticipantsFromregulationtoafreemarketsystemTransportationmodalstructureSpecializedtransportationserviceTransportationeconomicsandpricingTransportationmanagementDocumentationProductpricingandtransportation Overviewoftransportation TransportfunctionalityandparticipantsFromregulationtoafreemarketsystemTransportationmodalstructureSpecializedtransportationserviceTransportationeconomicsandpricingTransportationpricingDocumentationProductpricingandtransportation Overviewoftransportation ProductmovementisthemovementofinventorytospecifieddestinationsRestrictiveelement in transitinventoryis captive usuallyinaccessibleduringtransportationFlexibleelement inventorycanbedivertedduringshipmenttoanewdestinationTransportationconsumestime financial andenvironmentalresourcesTransportationismorethan60 ofthecostoflogisticsOneoflargestconsumersofoilandgasinUSImpactstrafficcongestion noiseandairpollution Transportfunctionalityprimarilyconsistsofproductmovementservices Transportalsofunctionsasstorageservicesforproductswhileinavehicle In transitinventoryiscaptiveinthetransportsystemManagersstrivetoreducein transitinventorytoaminimumProductcanalsobestoredinvehiclesatoriginordestination trailers trucks railcars etc UsuallymoreexpensivethantraditionalwarehousingMustpayrentalordemurragechargesonvehiclesusedforstorageDiversionoccurswhenashipmentdestinationischangedafteraproductisintransit Twofundamentaltransportprinciples EconomyofscaleisthecostperunitweightdecreasesasthesizeoftheshipmentincreasesAtleastuntilyoutotallyfillthecarryingvehicle CostdecreasesbecausethefixedcostofthecarrierisallocatedoveralargerweightofshipmentEconomyofdistanceisthecostperunitweightdecreasesasdistanceincreasesOftencalledthetaperingprincipleLongerdistancesallowfixedcostofthecarriertobespreadovermoremiles loweringthepermilechargeGoalistomaximizethesizeoftheloadanddistanceshippedwhilestillmeetingserviceexpectations Transportparticipants ShipperConsignee Receiver CarrierandAgentsGovernmentInternetPublic Majorrelationshipsamongtransportationparticipants Figure8 1RelationshipAmongTransportationParticipants ShipperandconsigneehaveacommoninterestinmovinggoodsfromorigintodestinationwithinagiventimeatthelowestcostCarriersdesiretomaximizetheirrevenueovementwhileminimizingassociatedcostsAgents brokersandfreightforwarders facilitatecarrierandcustomermatchingGovernmentdesiresastableandefficienttransportationenvironmenttosupporteconomicgrowthPublicisconcernedwithtransportationaccessibility expense andstandardsforsecurity safetyandtheenvironment Roleandperspectiveofparticipants TheInternetnowprovidesthevitalcommunicationslinksbetweenthetransactionalparticipants shipper carrier consignee ReplacingphoneandfaxtechnologiesWeb basedenterprisesprovideinationmarketplacesFreightmatchingFuel equipment partsandsuppliespurchases RoleoftheInternetintransportation TransportfunctionalityandparticipantsFromregulationtoafreemarketsystemTransportationmodalstructureSpecializedtransportationserviceTransportationeconomicsandpricingTransportationpricingDocumentationProductpricingandtransportation Overviewoftransportation Transportationstructure Consistsofrights of way vehicles andcarriersoperatingwithinfivebasicmodesAmodeidentifiesbasictransportationorRailHighwayWaterPipelineAir Table8 1TheNations FreightBill billions Table8 2Domesticshipmentsbymodeandvolume Source U S FreightTransportationForecaststo2021 AmericanTruckingAssociation Inc 2010 p 25 Table8 3Domesticshipmentsbymodeandrevenue Source U S FreightTransportationForecaststo2021 AmericanTruckingAssociation Inc 2010 p 25 Railmodehashistoricallyhandledthelargestnumberofton mileswithincontinentalUS Trackmileagehasdeclinedbyoverhalfsince1970TrafficshiftedfrombroadrangeofcommoditiestohaulingspecificfreightintrafficsegmentsCarloadIntermodalContainerNewtechnologiesincludearticulatedcars unittrainsanddouble stackcars TruckmodehasexpandedrapidlysincetheendofWorldWarII Nearly1millionmilesofhighwaysinU S KeybenefitsincludeSpeedoftransitAbilitytooperatedoor to doorMoreefficientthanrailforsmallshipmentsovershortdistancesDominatefreightmovesunder500milesandfrommanufacturingtowholesalerstoretailersManycompaniesruntheirowntruckfleetsaswell e g WalMart Percentageofton mileshasstayedbetween19and30 since1960 sRanksbetweenrailandtruckinfixedcostRightofway canalsandrivers maintainedbyFederalgovernment WatermodeistheoldestofUStransportdatingbacktothebirthofournation HavethehighestfixedcostandlowestvariablecostofallmodesUniquetransportationmodeCanoperate24hoursaday 7daysaweekNoemissionsNoemptycontainerorvehicletoreturnNotflexible andlimitedtoliquidsandgases Pipelinemodeaccountsforabout68percentofallcrudeandpetroleumton milemovementsinUS Accountsforonly1 ofintercityton milesFastestofallthemodesFixedcostis2ndlowestbutvariablecostsareextremelyhighMostproductsair shippedhavehighvalue highpriorityorextremeperishability Airmodeisthenewestandleastutilizedtransportmodeforfreight Comparisonoffixedand