when you apply for a job, you must present your credentials. 当你申请工作时，你必须递交你的有关证件。（同时） when the students heard the teacher’s footsteps, they all adopted talking. 当学生们听到老师的脚步声时，他们都停止了讲话。（从句动作发生在前） ② when还可表示just then（正在那时）的意思，此时其所引导的从句只放在主句之后。
we were about to start when it began to rain. 我们正要动身，突然天下起雨来。
The game had hardly/scarcely/barely begun when it started raining. 比赛刚刚开始就下起雨来。
2 as引导的时间状语从句 as侧重表示主句和从句的动作并相发生,翻译成一边，一边。
We were having breakfast as she was combing her hair. 她梳头时我们在吃早饭。
3 while引导的时间状语从句 while或“在期间”，所引导的从句的动作是延续性的，并表示和主句的动作同时发生。
When the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. 当老师用英语解释课文时，学生们聚精会神地听并做着笔记。
I can learn while I work. 我可以边工作边学习。
4 before引导的时间状语从句 ① before“在之前” I’ll be back before you have left. 你离开之前我就会回来。
② before“之后才” It may be many years before we meet again. 可能要过许多年我们才能再见了。
It was three days before I came back. 他三天后才回来。
5 as soon as/once/directly/the instant等引导的时间状语从句 as soon as 是最常见的表示“一就”的从属连词，其他连词还有immediately，instantly，the instant that，the minutethat ，the momentthat等，它们通常都可与as soon as换用。
As soon as we got home, the telephone rang. 我们一到家，电话就响了。
I recognized her immediately I saw her. 我一看见她就认出她来了。
Directly the teacher came in everyone was quiet. 老师一进来，大家就静了下来。
6 hardly...when/no sooner...than引导的时间状语从句 关联从属连词hardly/barely/scarcely...when和no sooner...than的意思是“刚就”，它们所引导的从句中的谓语动词通常为过去完成时。如 He had no sooner no sooner had hearrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚一到家，就又要他出另一次差。
No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent. 这些话刚一出口，他就意识到自己应该保持沉默。
7 since引导的时间状语从句 在含有since引导的时间状语从句的复合句中，从句的谓语动词通常为一般过去时，主句的谓语动词通常为现在完成时、过去完成时和一般现在时 We’ve never met since we graduated from the college. 大学毕业后我们就再没见过面。
Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走了以后，这里发生了巨大变化。
8 till/until引导的时间状语从句 till和until同义，作“直到时为止”解，till多口语话，until多用于句首。如 Donald will remain in college untiltill he finishes his Ph.D course. 唐纳德将留在学校直到完成他的博士学位课程。
I won’t go with you untiltill I finished my homework. 等我做完作业我才和你一起去。
2. 地点状语从句 1 where引导的地点状语从句，很简单，最基础的。
从属连词where“在（或到）的地方” Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
Put it where you found it. 把它放在原来的地方。
① where 在地点状语从句中，除指地点外，还可指处境等。就看句子翻译了。如 He said he was happy where he was. 他说他对自己的处境很满意。
It’s your fault that she is where she is. 她今天落到这个地步都怪你。
2 wherever引导的地点状语从句whereverno matter where,后者只能放句首。
从属连词wherever“在（或到）的各个地方” You can go whereveranywhere you like these days. 这些天你可以去你想去的地方。
Where no matter where they went, the experts were warmly welcomed. 专家每到一处， 都受到热烈的欢迎。
Sit down wherever you like. 你喜欢坐哪儿就坐哪儿wherever不可以换成no matter where 3. 原因状语从句 1 because引导的原因状语从句 通常用于回答why引出的疑问句，语气最强，该从句一般位于主句后面。
I didn’t go abrord with her because I couldn’t afford it. 我没有和她一起出国是因为费用太高。
Don’t scamp your work because you are pressed for time. 不要因为时间仓促而马马虎虎。
2 as引导的原因状语从句 as引导的原因状语从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和since换用。如 As I didn’t know the way，I asked a policeman. 我不认识路，因而问警察。
As it is snowing, we shall not climb the mountain. 由于在下雪，我们不去爬山了。
3 since引导的原因状语从句 since引导的原因状语从句多位于主句之前，通常可以和as换用。与as用法一样 Since traveling by air is much faster,they decided to take a plane. 既然乘飞机旅行快得多，他们就决定坐飞机。
Since you won’t help me ，I’ll ask someone else. 你既然不帮我，那我就请别人帮忙。
4 nowthat引导的原因状语从句 nowthat“既然”， Nowthat you have passed your test you can drive on your own. 你既已考试合格，就可以独自开车了。
5 seeing that引导的原因状语从句 Seeing that“鉴于；
由于”，通常用于非正式文体。如 Seeing that the weather is bad，we’ll stay at home. 天气不好，我们还是呆在家里吧。
4. 目的状语从句 1 in order that引导的目的状语从句 in order that“为了；
以便”。多用于正式文体，通常可以与so that换用。如 You stopped at Hangzhou in order that they could go around West Lake. 他们在杭州停了下来，以便游览西湖。
The expert spoke slowly in order that everyone should understand. 专家讲得很慢，以便人人听得懂。
2 so that引导的目的状语从句 so that“为了；
以便”。so that通常可以与in order that换用，它所引导的目的状语从句总是放在主句之后，在非正式文体中，常省略that。如 Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 你要讲得清楚，他们才听得懂。
She wanted tea ready at seven so she could be out by eight. 她要七点钟备好茶点，这样她八点以前就可以出门了。
3 in case/for fear that等引导的目的状语从句 in case，for fearthat这俩个从属连词都表示否定目的，意思是“以免”,“以防”。in case它所引导的从句中的谓语动词可以是陈述语气形式，也可以是虚拟语气形式；
for fearthat引导的从句中的谓语带有may，might，should等情态动词 Take your umbrella in case it rains. 带上你的伞，以防下雨。
He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain. 他带了一把伞，以防下雨。
1. 结果状语从句 1 so that引导的结果状语从句 ① so that引导的结果状语从句只能位于主句之后，so that”引导什么从句根据句意来判断 Suddenly it began to rain heavily，so that it was almost impossible to carry on driving. 突然下起了大雨，几乎无法继续开车。
Linda phoned me in on arrival so that I know she was safe and sound. 琳达到达后给我打了电话，因而我知道她平安无事。
2 so...that引导的结果状语从句 so...that“如此以致”，that可以省略，so后面接形容词或副词。如 She spoke so fast that